 |
 | Pharmacologic and Pharmacokinetic Concepts |
| |  | Volume of Distribution (Vd) |
| | | Clearance (Cl) |
| | | Elimination Rate Constant (k) |
| | | Half-Life |
| Kinetics |
| |  | First Order Kinetics: Fraction of Drug Remaining in the Body |
| Dosing Drugs in Renal Failure |
| | | Calculating the Maintenance Dose in Renal Insufficiency |
| Evaluation of Analgesic Use and Overdosage |
| | | Estimated Salicylate Serum Levels |
| | | Acetaminophen Serum Levels (Rumach-Matthew Nomogram) |
| | | Ibuprofen Serum Levels in Overdosage |
| | | Monitoring a Patient on Chronic Aspirin Therapy |
| | | Pseudosepsis Syndrome in Salicylate Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Features of Salicylate Intoxication in a Neonate |
| | | When to Suspect Salicylate Intoxication in an Elderly Patient |
| | | Risk Factors of Alander et al for Hepatocellular Injury in a Pediatric Acetaminophen Overdose |
| | | Nomogram of Sivilotti et al for Predicting Hepatotoxicity Following Acetaminophen Poisoning |
| | | Risk Factors for Severe Hepatotoxicity in a Patient with Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Poisoning |
| | | Treatment Line for a Patient at Increased Risk for Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Toxicity |
| | | Amount of Acetaminophen Consumed Daily By a Person Abusing an Over-the-Counter (OTC) or Prescription Medication |
| Pediatric Dosing Calculations |
| | | Calculating Total Daily Dose by Body Weight |
| | | Calculating Total Daily Dose by Height |
| | | Calculating Total Daily Dose by Body Surface Area |
| | | Calculating Total Daily Dose by Age |
| Age Adjustment for Maintenance Dose |
| | | Age Adjustment for Maintenance Dose |
| Calculating Dose Given by Body Weight or BSA |
| | | Calculating Dose Given by Body Weight or BSA |
| Parenteral Drug Administration |
| | | Determining Drip Rate for Drug Infusion Using Microtubing |
| | | Determining the Infusion Rate of Intravenous Solutions in Drops per Minute |
| | | Preventing Adverse Events Associated with the Use of an Infusion Pump |
| | | Prevention of Tampering with a Narcotic Infusion Pump |
| Evaluation of Patients for Alcohol Use and Abuse |
| | | Ethanol Intoxication |
| | | Estimated Blood Ethanol Level from Body Weight and Number of Drinks |
| | | Blood Ethanol Levels and the Diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse |
| | | Urine Ethanol Levels |
| | | Blood Alcohol Estimation from Osmolal Gap |
| | | The Alcohol Symptom Checklist of Teplin and Lutz |
| | | Measurement of Breath Alcohol |
| | | Disulfiram-Like Reaction to Alcohol Ingestion |
| | | Equation of Vogel et al for Evaluating Ethanol Intoxication in Children |
| | | Alcohol-Induced Hangover Symptoms of Pittler et al |
| | | Alcohol-Induced Hangover Symptom Survey of Wiese et al |
| | | Criteria of Wiese et al for Alcohol-Induced Hangover |
| | | Predicting the Likelihood of a Hangover Based on the Amount and Type of Alcohol Intake |
| | | Estimation of a Person's Alcohol Intake Over Several Years |
| | | Evaluating a Fatal Ethanol Overdose Using Widmark's Equation and the Ethanol Concentration in Blood and Urine |
| | | Fatal Flaws in an Alcohol Screening Test Performed As a Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulated Test |
| | | Fatal Flaws in an Alcohol Confirmatory Test Performed As a Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulated Test |
| | | Clinical Findings of Alcohol Intoxication in a Young Child |
| | | Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Sobriety Test of Good and Augsburger |
| | | Walk and Turn Test for Estimating Sobriety |
| | | Combining Results of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus and the Walk and Turn Tests |
| | | One Leg Stand Test for Field Sobriety Testing |
| | | Reciting the Alphabet in Field Sobriety Testing |
| | | Finger-to-Nose Test in Field Sobriety Testing |
| | | Ratio of Urinary 5-Hydroxytryptophol to 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HTOL to 5-HIAA Ratio) to Determine Ethanol Ingestion or Postmortem Ethanol Production |
| Testing for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Specimen Collection for Urine Drug Testing |
| | | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Definitions for Validity of a Urine Specimen |
| | | Urine Excretion of Benzoylecgonine Following Cocaine Use |
| | | Identification of Heroin Use With Hair Analysis |
| | | Duration of Detectability of Drugs of Abuse in the Urine |
| | | 6-Acetylmorphine and the Ratio of Morphine to Codeine in the Evaluation of a Patient for Heroin Use |
| | | Significance of a Negative Urine Drug Screen for Opiates in a Person with a Prescription for Narcotic Analgesics |
| | | Evaluation of Urinary Opiate Levels After Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Product |
| | | Handling the Patient Unable to Provide Sufficient Urine for Testing (Shy Bladder Syndrome) |
| | | Requirements for a Collector of Urine Specimens Submitted for DOT Drug Testing |
| | | Fatal Flaws in Urine Drug Testing |
| | | Criteria for Refusal to Take a Department of Transportation (DOT) Drug Test |
| | | Indications for a Directly Observed Urine Specimen Collection for Drug Testing |
| | | Reporting the Results of a Urine Drug Test |
| | | Performing a Physical Examination on a Donor with a Positive Test for Opiates |
| | | When to Consider Collection of an Alternative Specimen for Drug Testing |
| | | Findings on Urine Drug Testing in a Patient Using a Vicks Vapor Inhaler |
| | | Criteria for Reasonable Suspicion of an Employee Being Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol |
| | | Evaluation of an Employee with a Positive Urine Test for Marijuana Who Claims Hemp Food Consumption |
| | | Correctable Flaws in Drug and Alcohol Testing |
| | | When to Redesignate the Specimen Bottles of a Split Specimen Collection |
| | | Identification of the Donor for a Drug or Alcohol Test |
| | | Situations When a Medical Review Officer (MRO) May Change a Verified Result |
| | | Actions by the Medical Review Officer (MRO) That Are Prohibited During a Drug Test Result Verification |
| | | Review of Negative Drug Test Results by the Medical Review Officer (MRO) |
| | | Validity Tests to Perform on Oral Fluid Used in Testing for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Validity Tests to Perform on Sweat Used in Testing for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Validity Tests to Perform on Hair Used in Testing for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Legal Problems That May Arise When Testing for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Reporting Results of a Double Specimen Collection During a Single Testing Event (Immediate Directly Observed Collection) |
| | | Evaluation of a Patient for Concurrent Use of Cocaine and Alcohol Including Measurement of Cocaethylene |
| | | World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Formula for Normalizing a Urine Drug Concentration Based on the Specific Gravity |
| | | Determining the Minimum Number of Safety-Sensitive Workers Who Need To Be Randomly Tested To Meet the Department of Transportation (DOT) Requirements |
| | | Selecting a Donor at Random to Screen for Drugs of Abuse |
| | | Urine Marijuana Metabolite to Creatinine Ratio of Huestis and Cone for Identifying New Use |
| Alcohol and Drug Withdrawal |
| | | Subjective Scoring Index for Opiate Withdrawal during Naloxone Therapy |
| | | Neonatal Drug Withdrawal Scoring System of Lipsitz |
| | | Scoring System of Finnegan et al for the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome |
| | | Neonatal Withdrawal Inventory |
| | | The Moro Scale Score in Neonatal Narcotic Withdrawal |
| | | The Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ) |
| | | The Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) Scale for Withdrawal Symptoms |
| | | Grades of Fultz and Senay for Opiate Withdrawal |
| | | Grading Delirium Tremens (DTs) During Ethanol Withdrawal |
| | | Indications of Fiellin et al for Detoxification of an Alcoholic as an Inpatient |
| | | Clinical Findings of Tenenbein et al for Neonatal Withdrawal Associated with Maternal Volatile Substance Abuse |
| | | Indications of Ritson for Referral of an Alcoholic for Detoxification (Inpatient or Other Specialized Service) |
| | | Clinical Findings of Sanz et al for Neonatal Withdrawal Associated with Maternal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Therapy |
| | | Clinical Signs of Methcathinone Withdrawal |
| | | Neonatal Withdrawal Symptoms Following Maternal Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse During Pregnancy |
| | | Clinical Signs of Caffeine Withdrawal |
| | | Clinical Signs of Dyer et al for Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Withdrawal |
| | | Clinical Findings of Withdrawal from Anabolic Steroids |
| | | Risk Factors of Lukan et al for Delirium Tremens Developing in an Intoxicated Trauma Patient |
| | | Clinical Features of Haney et al for Marijuana Withdrawal |
| Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Signs or Complications of Drug Abuse |
| | | Grading Depressant Drug Coma |
| | | Accumulative Prognostic Index in Patients with Depressant Intoxication |
| | | Intoxication Score in Short Acting Barbiturate Overdosage |
| | | Clinical Prediction Rule of Christenson et al for Early Discharge of Patients After Presumed Opioid Overdosage |
| | | EEG Changes of Haider et al in Sedative Overdosage and Coma |
| | | Risk Factors for Death Following Initiation of Methadone Maintenance Therapy |
| | | Clinical Findings in Phencyclidine (PCP) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Methcathinone Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Dextromethorphan Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in LSD (d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in an Intoxication with a Piperazine Derivative (Benzylpiperazine or Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) |
| | | Clinical Findings in an Intoxication with 4-Bromo-2,5-DMPEA (4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine) |
| | | Clinical Findings in Ketamine Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ectasy) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in 4-Methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Methamphetamine Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings in Cocaine Intoxication |
| | | Clinical Findings of Cocaine or Amphetamine Abuse in a Pregnant Woman |
| | | Risk Factors for an Accidental Heroin Overdose |
| | | Recommendations of Desai et al for Handling a Patient Who Is Addicted to an Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medication |
| | | Clinical Features of a Caffeine Overdose |
| | | Clinical Findings in Marijuana Intoxication |
| | | Cocaine "Washed-Out" Syndrome |
| | | Risk Factors for Seizures in a Person Who Abuses Cocaine |
| | | Causes of Abdominal Pain and Peritonitis in a Person Who Abuses Cocaine |
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
| | | Monitoring Drugs Using the Concentration in Saliva |
| Compliance and Noncompliance in Use of Medications |
| | | Risk of Noncompliance in Use of Medications |
| | | The Pill Identification Test for Assessing Compliance with Therapy |
| | | Method of Ho et al for Grading Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy |
| | | Rating of Medication Influences (ROMI) Scale of Weiden et al for Compliance with Drug Therapy in Schizophrenia |
| | | Method of Kent et al for Improving Adherence in HIV-Infected Patients |
| | | Overcompliance with a Medication |
| | | Reasons Listed by Fuhrer et al for Noncompliance by Patients with Pressure Ulcers |
| | | Findings Suggesting Noncompliance in the Use of Medications |
| | | Factors Identified by George et al Affecting Adherence in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
| | | Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) |
| | | Enablers and Incentives in a Patient-Centered Treatment Strategy to Increase Patient Compliance with a Long-Term Therapeutic Regimen |
| | | Risk Factors for Noncompliance in Thienopyridine Therapy by a Cardiac Patient with a Drug-Eluting Stent |
| | | Factors of Walker et al Affecting Adherence to Medications for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes |
| Evaluation of the Poisoned Patient |
| | | Multicentre Study of Poisoning in Children (MSPC) Score |
| | | Poisoning Severity Score in Acute Poisoning |
| | | Estimating the Amount of Agents Ingested in an Acute Poisoning |
| | | Modified Oklahoma Poisoning Questionnaire (OPQ) for Predicting Recurrent Accidental Poisoning in a Young Child |
| Evaluation of Cardiovascular Drugs |
| | | Indications for Digoxin Blood Level Monitoring |
| | | Reversing Digoxin Overdosage with Fab Antibody Fragments |
| | | Algorithm of Salhanick and Shannon for Management of Acute Poisoning with a Calcium Channel Antagonist |
| | | Cinchomism Associated with Quinidine Therapy |
| | | Risk Factors for Digitalis Toxicity |
| | | Risk Factors for Calcium Channel Blocking Agent Toxicity |
| | | Clinical Findings with a Beta-Blocker Intoxication |
| Sedatives and Hypnotics |
| | | Clinical Findings Suggesting Possible Surreptitiously Administered Sedative Effect |
| | | Steps to Avoid Surreptitious Sedative Ingestion ("Being Slipped a Mickey") |
| | | Hangover Symptoms Following the Use of a Benzodiazepine as a Hypnotic Drug |
| | | Risk Factors for Hangover Symptoms Following the Use of a Benzodiazepine as a Hypnotic Drug |
| | | Evaluation of a Worker with a Post-Accident Drug Test Showing athe Presence of a Benzodiazepine |
| Evaluating Patients for Adverse Drug Reactions |
| | | French System for Monitoring Unexpected or Toxic Drug Reactions (UTDR) |
| | | Identifying Elderly Patients with Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Reactions |
| | | Risk Factors of Field et al Associated with Adverse Drug Reactions in Nursing Home Residents |
| | | Algorithm Used by the FDA Division of Drug Experience to Evaluate the Causal Relationship in an Adverse Drug Reaction |
| | | Managing Common Adverse Reactions to alpha-Interferon |
| | | Findings of Trontell Suggestive of a Possible Adverse Drug Reaction |
| | | Risk Model of McElnay et al for Adverse Drug Events in an Elderly Patient |
| Techniques for Enhancing Poison Elimination |
| | | Kinetic Features of a Poison Making Removal Amenable to an Extracorporeal Technique |
| | | Indications for Extracorporeal Elimination of Salicylate |
| | | Indications and Contraindications for Whole Bowel Irrigation (WBI) |
| | | Toxic Agents with Poor Adsorption Onto Activated Charcoal |
| | | Gastric Lavage |
| | | Problems Associated With the Use of Ipecac to Induce Emesis |
| | | Use of Cathartics to Aid in Gut Decontamination |
| Complications from Drug Administration |
| | | Accidental Injection or Extravasation of Vasoconstricting Drugs into Subcutaneous Tissues |
| | | Reducing the Risk of Improper Intrathecal Drug Injection |
| | | Risk of Extravasation Injury Associated with an Intravascular Infusion in a Peripheral Vein |
| | | Risk for Chemical Mediastinitis Associated with Extravasation of Drug from a Central Intravascular Catheter |
| | | Grading the Severity of Infiltration and Extravasation Injury |
| | | Clinical Features of an Allergic Flare Reaction to Intravenous Infusion of a Drug |
| | | Preventing Complications Associated with Intramuscular (IM) Injections |
| | | Techniques of Gault for Prevention of Extravasation Injury |
| | | Criteria of Spenny et al for the Compartment Syndrome Following Extravasation Injury |
| | | Changes in Subcutaneous Fat at Sites of Insulin Injection (Lipoatrophy or Lipohypertrophy) |
| | | Complications Associated with Intramuscular Injections |
| | | Risk Factors for Subcutaneous Abscess or Cellulitis Associated with Continuous Insulin Infusion with an Insulin Pump |
| | | Cosmetic Skin Changes at the Site of Repeated Subcutaneous Injections |
| | | Risk Factors for Unintentional Intra-Arterial Drug Injection |
| | | Clinical Findings Following Unintentional Intra-Arterial Drug Injection |
| | | Indicators for Identifying an Unintentional Intra-Arterial Drug Infusion |
| | | Factors of Chan et al That Determine Whether an Intramuscular Injection into the Buttocks Reaches Muscle or Fat |
| Oxygen Toxicity |
| | | Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity |
| | | Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity |
| The Anticholinergic and Central Anticholinergic Syndromes |
| | | Clinical Features of the Anticholinergic and Central Anticholinergic Syndromes |
| | | Screening for Anticholinergic Drug Toxicity Using Intravenous Physostigmine |
| Iron Intoxication |
| | | Criteria for Chelation Therapy in Patients with Iron Intoxication |
| | | Determining the Amount of Elemental Iron Ingested |
| | | Clinical Stages of Iron Intoxication |
| | | Criteria for Hepatotoxicity Associated with Acute Iron Poisoning |
| | | Criterion of Yatscoff et al for Discontinuation of Desferoxamine Therapy for Acute Iron Poisoning |
| Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS) and Allergic Reactions to Drugs |
| | | Desensitization to Asparaginase |
| | | Clinical Features of the Anticonvulsant (Antiepileptic) Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome |
| | | Risk Factors Associated with the Anticonvulsant (Antiepileptic) Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome |
| | | Questions of Lorenz et al for Determining If a Drug Has Caused a Release of Histamine |
| | | Criteria of Lorenz et al for Histamine Release Response Associated with a Drug |
| | | Classification of Lorenz et al for the Severity of a Drug-Induced Histamine Release Response |
| | | Recognition of an Allergic Reaction to an Antiretroviral Medication |
| | | Aspirin Triad Syndrome |
| | | Hypsensitivity Reaction to Paclitaxel (Taxol) |
| Adverse Effects from Solvents and Chemicals Used in Pharmaceutical Preparations |
| | | Estimating the Plasma Level of Propylene Glycol from Osmolal Gap |
| | | Evaluating a Patient for Possible Propylene Glycol Toxicity |
| | | Adverse Effects of Benzyl Alcohol, Including the Gasping Syndrome in Premature Infants |
| | | Clinical Features of Acute Camphor Intoxication |
| | | Cardiotoxicity and Neurotoxicity Following Infusion of 5-Fluorouracil Prepared in Tris Buffer |
| Pharmacogenetics |
| | | Determining the Isoniazid Acetylation Phenotype Based on Measurement of Urinary Isoniazid and Acetylisoniazid |
| | | Thiopurine Methyltransferase (TPMT) Activity and Azathioprine Therapy |
| | | Effect of Polymorphism in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP2D6 on the Metabolism of Oxycodone |
| | | Indications for Testing a Patient on Warfarin for Polymorphism in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP2C9 |
| | | Identifying a Patient Failing Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Who Should be Phenotyped for CYP2C19 |
| | | Model of Steimer et al for Predicting Adverse Side Effects During Amitriptyline Therapy Based on the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Phenotypes |
| | | Generic Model for Pharmacologic Effects of a Drug Undergoing Metabolism to an Active Compound |
| | | Identifying Patients at Risk for Irinotecan (Camptosar) Myelotoxicity Based on UGT1A1 Genotype |
| | | Voriconazole Serum Concentration and CYP2C19 Genotype |
| | | Methotrexate Toxicity and MTHFR (Methelenetetrahydrofolate Reductase) C677T Polymorphism |
| | | Identifying a Woman at Risk for Reduced Effectiveness of Tamoxifen Therapy Secondary to Altered Biotransformation |
| | | Pharmacogenetic Model of Wessels et al for Predicting the Efficacy of Methotrexate Monotherapy at 6 Months in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| | | Efavirenz Dose Reduction in an HIV-1 Infected Patient Based on CYP2B6 Genotype |
| Induction or Inhibition of Drug Metabolism |
| | | Common Drugs Inducing or Inhibiting Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and the P-Glycoprotein Transporter System |
| | | Interference By Grapefruit, Cranberry and Other Juices With Drug Metabolism |
| | | Ratio of Urinary 6-Beta-Hydroxycortisol to Cortisol to Phenotype CYP3A4 Activity |
| | | Findings Suggestive of a Change in Drug Metabolism (Induction or Inhibition) |
| Adverse Drug Effects Associated with Discontinuation of a Medication |
| | | Adverse Effects of Abrupt Beta-Blocker Withdrawal |
| | | Discontinuation or Post-Removal Symptoms of Scopolamine or Other Antimuscarinic Agents |
| Evaluation of Antiepileptic Drugs |
| | | Indications for Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring |
| | | Clinical Features of a Carbamazepine Overdose |
| | | Equation of Umstead and Neumann for Predicting Free Phenytoin Based on the Serum Albumin in a Cancer Patient |
| | | The Sheiner-Tozer Equation for Normalizing the Total Serum Phenytoin Concentration in a Patient with Hypoalbuminemia |
| | | Normalizing the Total Serum Phenytoin Concentration for a Patient with End Stage Renal Disease and Hypoalbuminemia |
| | | Estimate of Dasgupta et al for Free Phenytoin Concentration |
| | | Estimating the Volume of Distribution for Phenytoin in a Patient with Hypoalbuminemia |
| | | Indications for Direct Measurement of the Free (Unbound) Serum Phenytoin Concentration |
| | | Equation of Coleman et al for Calculating the Free Phenytoin Concentration at 37¡C Based on Testing at Room Temperature |
| | | Model of Allison et al for Estimating Carbamazepine 10,11- Epoxide Concentration in Serum Based on Carbamazepine Levels by 2 Different Immunoassays |
| Cyanide Poisoning and Cyanogenic Compounds |
| | | Risk Factors for Toxicity Associated with Infusions of Sodium Nitroprusside |
| | | Clinical Findings Suggestive of Cyanide Poisoning |
| | | Exposures That May Be Associated with Cyanide Poisoning |
| Volatile Inhalant Abuse |
| | | Clinical Features of a Patient Who Abuses Volatile Solvents |
| | | Techniques Used to Abuse Volatile Inhalants |
| | | Complications Associated With Volatile Inhalant Abuse |
| Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Transplant Patients |
| | | Method of Wong et al for Abbreviated Monitoring of Tacrolimus in a Renal Transplant Recipient |
| | | Method of Weber et al for Abbreviated Monitoring of Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) in a Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipient Receiving Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) |
| | | Method of Filler and Mai for Abbreviated Monitoring of Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) in a Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipient Receiving Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) |
| Colchicine Intoxication |
| | | Contraindications to Intravenous Colchicine Administered to a Patient and Indications to Reduce the Dose Administered |
| | | Clinical Stages of Colchicine Toxicity |
| | | Ways That a Patient May Develop Colchicine Intoxication |
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