 |
 | Performance Measures |
| |  | Incidence Rate |
| | | Prevalence |
| | | Sensitivity |
| | | Specificity |
| | | False-Negative Rate |
| | | False-Positive Rate |
| | | Positive Predictive Value (PPV) |
| | | Negative Predictive Value (NPV) |
| | | Overall Accuracy, or Diagnostic Efficiency |
| | | Deriving Missing Performance Measures When Only Some Are Known |
| | | Youden's Index |
| | | Discriminant Power for a Test (Test Effectiveness Statistic) |
| | | Test Performance in a Population as Prevalence Changes |
| | | Determining the Original Data from Test Performance Measures |
| | | Algorithm of Grimes and Schulz for Distinguishing Rates, Proportions and Ratios |
| | | Interpreting a Test Value Based on a Clinical Study Using Ranked Results |
| | | Percent of Patients Misclassified by a Test in a Population with a Given Disease Prevalence |
| | | Entropy of a Result Based on the Probability for a Disease |
| Bayes's Theorem and Modifications |
| |  | Bayes's Theorem |
| | | Odds and Likelihood Ratios |
| | | Odds and Likelihood Ratios for Sequential Testing |
| | | Determining the Sensitivity and Specificity for a Test Required to Provide a Post-Test Probability for a Specified Pre-Test Probability |
| | | Determining the Sensitivity and Specificity for a Test Based on its Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratios |
| | | Weight of Evidence |
| Statistics for the Normal Distribution |
| | | Mean |
| | | Standard Deviation (SD) |
| | | Coefficient of Variation (CV) |
| | | Logistic Distribution |
| | | Coefficient of Stability (CS) for the Mean |
| | | Determining the Equation for Converting a Score to a Probability with a Logistic Distribution |
| | | Determining a Test's Mean and Standard Deviation from the Normal Reference Range |
| | | Determining the Number of Standard Deviations Required to Include a Given Percent of a Population That Follows a Normal Distribution |
| | | Determining the Number of People in a Population with a Normal Distribution with Values Higher or Lower Than a Given Result |
| | | Z-score |
| Quality Control and Performance Comparison |
| | | Standard Deviation Interval (SDI) |
| | | Coefficient of Variation Interval (CVI) |
| | | Total Allowable Error |
| | | Using the Binomial Distribution to Evaluate a Production Run Based on Random Sampling and the Percent Allowable Defects |
| Chi Square |
| | | Outcome Comparison of Two Groups |
| | | Comparison of Two Observers |
| Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Plot |
| | | Test Comparison Using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Plots |
| | | Determining the Maximum Youden Index for a ROC Plot |
| | | The Area Under the Curve for a ROC Plot Symmetrical About the Line for Sensitivity Equal to Specificity |
| | | Distance of a Point on the ROC Curve from the Ideal |
| Westgard Rules and the Multirule Shewhart Procedure |
| | | Westgard Control Rules |
| | | Using a Series of Control Rules in the Multirule Shewhart Procedure |
| Evaluating Reports of Clinical Trials in the Medical Literature |
| | | Criteria for Assessing the Methodologic Quality of Clinical Studies Used by Heyland et al |
| | | Methodologic Quality Score Used by Hatala et al |
| | | Methodologic Quality Score Used by Andrews to Evaluate Clinical Trials of Contrast Media in Radiology |
| | | Research Quality Scoring Method of Brown |
| | | Quality Score of Halpern and Preston for Clinical Trials, Adapted from the Score of Detsky et al |
| | | Quality Score of Krzyzanowski et al for Abstracts Reporting Randomised Clinical Trials at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Meetings |
| | | Minimal Data Set for Registration of a Clinical Trial |
| | | Classification of Van Spall et al for Appropriateness of Exclusion Criteria in a Clinical Trial |
| | | Evidence Scoring (ES) System of Yamazaki for Comparing the Strength of Evidence for a Drug in Large Scale Clinical Trials |
| Measures of the Consequences of Treatment or an Intervention |
| | | Number Needed to Treat (NNT) |
| | | Net Intervention Effect |
| | | Rule of Thumb by Rumke for the Upper Confidence Limits for an Adverse Event Occurring If None Are Seen in a Study Population |
| | | Number Needed to Harm (NNH) |
| | | Number Needed to Treat With Unmitigated Success |
| | | Number Needed to Treat With Unmitigated Failure |
| | | Likelihood of Being Helped versus Harmed (LHH) |
| | | Number Needed to Treat Using the Hazard Ratio |
| Relative Risk |
| | | The Corrected Risk Ratio and Estimating Relative Risk |
| | | The Population Attributable Risk (PAR) Percent |
| | | Population Impact Number From Eliminating a Risk Factor (PIN-ER) |
| | | Disease Impact Number (DIN) of Heller and Dobson |
| Confidence Intervals |
| | | Confidence Interval for a Single Mean |
| | | Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Means |
| | | Confidence Interval for a Single Proportion |
| | | Confidence Interval When the Proportion in N Observations is 0 or 1 |
| | | Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Proportions Based on the Odds Ratio |
| | | Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Proportions Using the Normal Approximation |
| Benefit, Risk and Threshold for an Action |
| | | Benefit-to-Risk Ratio and Treatment Threshold for Using a Treatment Strategy |
| | | Testing and Test Treatment Thresholds |
| | | Determining If Surgery Is Indicated for a Condition Based on the Rate of Symptom Progression and Life Expectancy |
| | | Criteria of Schneiderman et al to Identify Medical Futility |
| Social Measures of Disease Burden and Cost for Care |
| | | Healthy Life-Years (HeaLY) Estimation |
| | | Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) |
| Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Medical Interventions |
| | | Cost Savings of an Immunization Program |
| | | Selection of Medical Management Strategy Based on Cost-Effectiveness |
| | | Marginal Cost-Effectiveness Ratio |
| | | Cost-Benefit Analysis with Net Present Value or Benefit |
| Declining Exponential Approximation of Life Expectancy (DEALE) |
| | | Estimating Changes in Life Expectancy Using the DEALE |
| | | Estimating the Average Annual Mortality Rate Using the DEALE and Survival Curves |
| The Kappa Coefficient for Measurement of Agreement Between Observers |
| | | Calculating the Kappa Coefficient for 2 Observations by 2 Observers |
| | | Calculating the Kappa Coefficient for 3 Observations by 2 Observers |
| Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha and Internal Consistency of Tests |
| | | Calculation of the Alpha Coefficient for a Battery of Tests |
| Screening for Disease |
| | | The Possible Types of Bias in Disease Screening |
| | | Criteria for a Useful Screening Test |
| | | Criteria of Cadman et al for Assessing the Effectiveness of a Community Screening Program |
| Quality of Information Sources |
| | | Quality Indicators for Health Information on the Internet |
| | | Grading Instrument for Evaluation of Peer Review of Manuscripts |
| | | Scoring Method of Callaham et al for Quality of Peer Review |
| | | Patterns of von Elm et al for Describing Duplicate Publication in the Medical Literature |
| | | Guidelines of Smith et al for Scoring the Quality of a Poster Presentation at a Scientific Meeting |
| | | Warning Signs of Bruhn for Published Claims Made About a Food, Drug or Therapy |
| | | Criteria of Slawson and Shaughnessy for Clinically Useful Information |
| | | Evaluating the Usefulness of Information from an Expert |
| | | Impact Factor (IF) for a Journal |
| | | When to Suspect a Hoax |
| | | Criteria of Radulescu et al for Evaluating a Prevalence Survey |
| | | Factors Affecting the Quality of a Query on the Internet |
| | | Daubert Guidelines for Determining If Evidence is Scientifically Based |
| | | Classification for the Investigation of a Waterborne Disease Outbreak |
| | | Criteria of the Editors from the Journal Obstetrics & Gynecology for Grading the Quality of a Journal Reviewer |
| | | Review Assessment Questionnaire of Landkroon et al |
| | | Editor Assessment Questionnaire |
| Development and Maintenance of Clinical Practice Guidelines |
| | | Method of Shekelle et al for Determining if a Clinical Practice Guideline Should be Updated |
| Assessment of Resource Distribution on Patient Health and Health Care Administration |
| | | The Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient |
| | | The Robin Hood Index (Pietra Ratio) and Allocation of Health Care Providers |
| Brier Score |
| | | Calculation of the Brier Score for a Prognostic Index |
| Measures of Responsiveness and Change |
| | | The Reliable Change Index (RCI) |
| | | Significant Change in a Laboratory Test Result |
| Diagnostic Approaches |
| | | Confidence Level Descriptions in Diagnosis |
| | | Explicit Tests for Verifying a Diagnosis |
| | | Attribution Scheme of Sanders et al for the Likelihood of a Diagnosis |
| Meta-Analysis |
| | | Sources of Bias in Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials |
| | | Causes of Naylor for Differences Between Apparently Similar Clinical Trials |
| Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and Clinical Trials |
| | | Algorithm of Grimes and Schulz for Classifying a Clinical Research Study |
| | | Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendations from Cook, Sackett et al. |
| | | Grading the Evidence for a Clinical Guideline Using the GRADE Approach |
| | | Levels of Evidence of Sackett and Goldsmith for a Clinical Sign or Symptom |
| | | The STOX (Systematic Reviews, Trials, Observational Studies, Expressions of Opinion) Classification of Evidence |
| | | P Score (Prognostic Value) of a Prognostic Factor |
| Establishing Agreement in Diagnosis |
| | | Algorithm for Expert Classification of Chest Radiographs in Pneumoconiosis |
| | | Classification of Murphy et al for Agreement Between Pathologists |
| | | Index of Weighted Percentage Agreement Between 2 Observers Using 4 Ordinal Categories |
| | | Use of the McNemar Index to Identify Biased Disagreements in Binary Classifications By Two Observers |
| Follow-Up of Participants in Clinical Trials |
| | | Method of Schulz and Grimes for Maximizing Patient Follow-Up in a Clinical Trial |
| | | Acceptable Rate of Loss to Follow-Up in a Clinical Trial |
| Power Analysis and Effect Size Indices |
| | | Use of Cohen's Effect Size Index for Two Samples with Independent Means to Determine the Number in Each Sample to Provide Optimum Power |
| Presentation and Perception of Chances and Risk |
| | | Numeracy Score to Determine a Patient's Understanding of Chance Occurrences |
| | | The Paling Perspective Scale for Presenting Risk |
| | | Comparing the Risk of a Medical Event to Life Events |
| | | Acceptance vs Outrage for a Perceived Risk |
| | | Different Kinds of Attitudes People Have Towards Risk and Its Handling |
| | | The Chances of Getting 2 Specified Numbers on 2 Rolls of 2 Dice |
| Combinations |
| | | Number of Possible Combinations for a Subset of Findings |
| Questionnaires and Surveys |
| | | Factors of Boynton for Increasing the Response Rate to Questionnaires |
| | | Types of Sampling for a Questionnaire |
| | | Calculating the Response Rate for a Quetionnaire |
| Utility Analysis |
| | | Calculating the Expected Value for a Probabilistically Distributed Quantity |
| | | Comparing the Outcomes of Two Strategies for Probabilistic Dominance |
| Human Behaviors That Contribute to Poor Decision Making |
| | | Features of Dysfunctional Thinking |
| | | Characteristics of a Negative or Destructive Cult |
| Evaluating Complexity in a Task |
| | | Calculating the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) for a Task |
| Interactions Between Risk Factors |
| | | Synergy Index Multiplicative (SIM) of Khoury and Flanders in Gene-Environment Interaction Case Control Studies |
| | | Synergy Index Additive Model of Khoury and Flanders in Gene-Environment Interaction Case Control Studies |
| Analysis of Different Data Distributions |
| | | Shapes of Feinstein for Different Data Distributions |
| Variables and Scales |
| | | Classification of Feinstein for Scales |
| Change in a Parameter with Time |
| | | Time to Achieve a Change in Value for a First Order Process |
| Injury and Disease Rates |
| | | Rates for Describing Combat Casualties (Killed in Action, etc.) |
| Reliability of Data |
| | | Factors Affecting the Reliability of Self-Reported Information |
| Financial Calculations |
| | | Simple and Compound Interest |
| Computers and Information Systems |
| | | Types of Failures in Medical Software Testing |
| | | FDA Level of Concern for Medical Software Contained in a Medical Device |
| Fallacies and Human Errors of Judgment |
| | | Post Hoc Fallacy |
| | | Types of Ad Hominem Fallacies |
| | | Decision Influenced by a Speaker's Behavior |
| | | Appeal-Based Arguments |
| | | Risk Telescoping |
| Alarms, Alerts and Warnings |
| | | Hazards Associated with a False Alarm |
| | | Inattentional Blindness |
| | | Warning Overload |
| | | Prioritizing Warnings |
| | | Habituation and Adaptation to an Alarm or Warning |
| | | Requirements for an Auditory Warning to Be Effective |
| | | Requirements for an Auditory Warning to Be Effective |
| | | Barriers That May Limit the Effectiveness of an Alarm or Warning |
| Generalizability, Transport and Translation |
| | | Factors of Smith-Jackson to Consider When Transferring an Information Resource to a Different Culture |
| | | Factors of Bonell et al Affecting the Delivery of an Intervention To Another Site |
| | | Recommended Steps for Translating a Questionnaire into Another Language |
| Frauds, Scams and Confidence Tricks |
| | | Bait and Switch |
| |
| TOP |