Overview :

A person in a cold environment should pay attention to proper clothing that will minimize the risk for cold-related injury. The goals are comfort, prevention of heat loss and prevention of vasoconstriction with ischemia.

Problems when in a cold environment:

(1) uncovered skin

(2) direct skin contact with cold surfaces, especially metal

(3) exposure to wind

(4) moisture, either as water or sweat

Clothing should contain 3 or more layers of clothing. Multiple layers of thin clothing allows for air pockets and adaptable protection as conditions change during the day.

(1) An outer layer to protect against wind and rain. Materials such as Gore-Tex allow for ventilation. Nylon provides good moisture protection but also traps moisture within inner layers.

(2) An innermost layer of cotton or synthetic material.

(3) One or more intermediate layers to provide insulation. Down provides excellent insulation when dry but becomes ineffective when wet. Wool or synthetic materials still insulate even when wet.

Head:

(1) An uncovered head is a major potential source of heat loss.

(2) The eyes may require protection against wind, glare or direct sun exposure.

(3) The nose and ears should be protected to reduce the risk of frostbite.

Hands:

(1) Gloves can minimize heat loss but may reduce manual dexterity.

(2) Hand coverings can be layered.

(3) Gloves without finger tips can be helpful in work conditions.

Footwear:

(1) Footwear should be insulated and protect against ground water.

(2) Socks should be layered, with an inner layer of synthetic material that wicks away moisture and thicker socks to absorb moisture and provide cushioning.

A person should have access to extra changes of clothing to replace clothing that becomes wet during the day. Other materials like oil or grease can reduce a clothing's insulation.

Protecting workers in cold environments. Fact sheet No. OSHA 98-55. December, 1998.