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 | Centrifugation |
| |  | Relative Centrifugal Force |
| | | Centrifugation Time Required Using an Alternate Rotor |
| Acids, Bases and Buffers |
| |  | Buffer Composition |
| | | Estimation of pH for a Base |
| | | Estimation of pH for an Acid |
| | | Estimation of pH for a Salt Solution |
| | | Degree of Ionization for a Weak Acid or Base |
| | | Sorensen's (Disodium and Monopotassium) Phosphate Buffer |
| Solutions |
| | | Molarity of Solutions |
| | | Ionic Strength of a Solution |
| | | Estimating the Activity Coefficient of a Dilute Solution with the Debye-Huckel Equation |
| | | Preparation of Isotonic Solutions |
| | | Reducing or Enlarging a Solution Formula |
| | | Formaldehyde and Formalin Solutions |
| | | Preparation of a Solution in Parts Per Million (PPM) |
| | | Preparation of a Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite) Solution |
| | | Reducing the Osmolarity of a Solution to a Target Value |
| Electrophoresis |
| | | Electrophoretic Mobility |
| | | Comparing DNA Restriction Fragment Patterns in a Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) |
| | | Method of Qiu et al for Removal of Fibrinogen from Plasma Using Cold Ethanol Precipitation Prior to Protein Electrophoresis |
| | | Troubleshooting Technical Problems During Electrophoresis |
| | | Identifying Interference by an Iodinated Contrast Media in Serum Capillary Zone Electropheresis |
| Molecular Techniques |
| | | Melting Temperature for Nucleic Acid Probes |
| | | Hybridization Rate for Nucleic Acid Probes |
| | | Quantitation of DNA and RNA in Solution by UV Spectrophotometry |
| | | Guanine-Plus-Cytosine Content of DNA by the Thermal Melting Method |
| | | Estimating Protein and Nucleic Acid Concentration in Bacterial Extracts by UV Spectrophotometry |
| | | Percent Agarose in a Gel and the Separation of Linear DNA Molecules |
| | | Calculating the Moles of Double Stranded DNA Ends Following Restriction Enzyme Digestion |
| | | Inhibition of Polymerase Chain Reaction Due to Heparin |
| | | Inhibitors of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Blood |
| | | Inhibitors of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Stool |
| Photometry |
| | | Concentration and Percent Transmittance |
| | | Beer's Law |
| Chromatography |
| | | Determining the Capacity (Retention) Factor for a Chromatographic System |
| | | Determining the Proper Solvent Mix for High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to Provide a Specific Retention (Capacity) Factor |
| | | Using the Tailing Factor or Peak Asymmetry Factor to Evaluate Chromatographic Peak Tailing |
| | | Calculating the Theoretical Plate Number for a Chromatographic Peak |
| | | Calculating the Resolution of a Chromatographic System |
| | | Calculating the Dead Volume for a Chromatographic Column |
| | | Screening Chromatographic Results for Evidence of an Extracolumn Effect |
| Photography |
| | | Measurement of Photographic Image Size |
| | | Troubleshooting Problems with Film Image Quality |
| | | Determining the Proper f Stop for a Flashgun and Film Speed |
| Electronics |
| | | Color Code for Axial Lead Resistors |
| Reagent Grade Water |
| | | NCCLS Specifications for Reagent Grade Water |
| | | Adjusting Water Resistivity Measurement at a Given Temperature to 25¡C |
| Boiling Points and Vapor Pressure of Fluids |
| | | Boiling Point of a Liquid at a Given Pressure |
| | | Vapor Pressure of a Liquid at a Temperature Below the Boiling Point |
| | | Boiling Temperature of a Liquid at a Given Altitude |
| Microscopes |
| | | Area of a Microscopic Field of View |
| | | Numerical Aperture and Resolution |
| | | Using an Ocular Micrometer for Measurement |
| | | Lens Aberrations and Distortions |
| | | Adjusting a Microscopic Count for a Different Field of View or Per Square Millimeter |
| | | Correcting a Microscopic Measurement for Processing Effects By Measuring the Diameter of an Erythrocyte (RBC) |
| Specimen Collection and Handling |
| | | Handling of Incompletely Clotted Serum Samples |
| | | Collecting and Handling a Specimen for Zinc Levels |
| | | Maintaining the Chain of Custody for a Specimen |
| | | Legal Concerns in Specimen Collection |
| | | Rejection of a Specimen as Unacceptable |
| | | Unacceptable Containers for Transporting Specimens |
| | | Ways to Reduce Blood Loss from Phlebotomy in Hospitalized Patients |
| | | Recognition of a Blood Specimen with In Vitro Hemolysis |
| | | Risk Factors Associated with Hemolysis of a Blood Specimen |
| | | Sequence for Drawing Multiple Blood Specimens with Vacutainers ("Order of Draw") |
| | | Unsatisfactory Blood Specimens Collected on Filter Paper for a Neonatal Screening Program |
| | | Checking the Quality of an Evacuated Blood Tube (Vacutainer) |
| | | Modified Sequence for Drawing Multiple Blood Specimens ("Order of Draw") for Plastic Vacutainers |
| | | Potential Complications Following Skin Puncture in the Finger of an Infant |
| | | Effects of Pneumatic Tube System Transport on a Specimen |
| | | Determining the Length of a Needle Core Biopsy Needed to Obtain a Given Weight of Tissue |
| | | Amount of Blood to Waste When Collecting a Blood Sample from an Intravenous Catheter |
| | | Handling a Blood Sample for Measuring Lactate and Pyruvate |
| Waste Handling and Recycling |
| | | Cost Analysis of Solvent Recycling by Distillation |
| | | Pouring Chemical Solutions into a Sink |
| Enzymatic Reactions |
| | | The Michaelis-Menten Equation for the an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction |
| | | The Lineweaver-Burk Plot for an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction |
| Pipettes |
| | | Procedure for Determining the Volume Error for a Pipette |
| | | Percent Carryover |
| Mass Spectrometry |
| | | Analysis of a Structural Formula for Rings Plus Double Bonds |
| | | Calculation of the Percentage Total Ionization |
| Tissue Culture |
| | | Viability Score for Endometrial Implants on the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane |
| | | Tissue Culture Failure |
| Specific Gravity (Relative Density) |
| | | Volume of Urine or Body Fluid from Specific Gravity and Weight |
| | | Converting the Concentration of a Solute in Serum to Serum Water at a Given Specific Gravity |
| Fluid Dynamics |
| | | Poiseuille's Law and Effect of a Parameter Change on Fluid Flow |
| Analytical Methods |
| | | Using a Standard Curve for a Laboratory Analysis |
| | | Determining the Detection Limit for an Analytic Technique |
| | | When to Perform Calibration Verification of an Analytical Method |
| Troubleshooting Unexpected Laboratory Test Results |
| | | Identifying a Patient Who May Be Having an Interference With an Immunoassay |
| | | Performing a Complete Blood Count (CBC) on a Lipemic Sample |
| | | False Elevations in Hemoglobin, Mean Cell Hemoglobin and Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration in a Patient with Paraproteinemia |
| | | False Elevations in Inorganic Phosphate Measured by the Ammonium Molybdate Method in Patients with Paraproteinemia |
| | | Identifying Matrix Effect in Proficiency Test and Calibration Materials |
| | | Unexpected Color of a Blood Sample |
| | | Falsely Low Concentrations Associated with Partial Thawing of a Frozen Specimen |
| | | Falsely Elevated Whole Blood Glucose Caused By Maltose with a Glucometer Using Glucose Dehydrogenase Test Strips |
| | | Risk Factors for Falsely Depressed Serum Calcium Concentrations Associated with Gadolinium Contrast Medium for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| | | Estimating the Amount of Contamination in a Blood Sample Drawn from an Indwelling Line Infusing a Glucose Solution |
| | | Correction of the Sodium Concentration Measured by an Indirect Ion-Sensitive Electrode in Hyperlipidemia |
| | | Correction of Chloride Concentration Measured by an Indirect Ion-Sensitive Electrode in Hyperlipidemia |
| | | Corrected Potassium Concentration Measured by an Indirect Ion-Sensitive Electrode in a Patient with Hyperlipidemia |
| | | False Results for Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1c) by the Ion Exchange Resin Method in a Patient with an Abnormal Hemoglobin |
| | | Gel Formation After the Heating of a Serum Specimen Due to a Pyroglobulin |
| | | Spurious Laboratory Results from Transferring a Blood Sample Collected in EDTA into Another Tube Type |
| | | Analytes with Decreased Levels Following Exposure to Light |
| | | Causes of a False Value for Copper in a Tissue Specimen |
| | | Impact of Color Blindness on the Accuracy of Dipstick or Other Tests Involving a Color Change |
| | | Wide Fluctuations of Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Patient After a Total Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation |
| | | Carry-Over or "Floaters" in a Smear or Histologic Section |
| | | False Positive Immunological Assay Caused by Human Anti-Animal Antibodies (HAMA, HARA or HAGA) |
| | | Artifactual (Pseudo) Hypoglycemia or Normoglycemia Associated with Leukocytosis |
| | | Evaluating a Decrease in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity |
| | | False Negative Microbiological Studies Associated with Labile Microorganisms |
| | | False Positive Bacterial Cultures of Subcutaneous Wound or Abscess |
| | | False Negative Serologic Tests for Syphilis in an HIV-Infected Patient |
| Laboratory Design |
| | | Estimating the Air Handling Requirements Based on Room Size and Air Exchanges |
| | | Estimating Laboratory Space Needs |
| Point of Care (POC) Laboratory Testing |
| | | Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Results from Blood Glucose Monitoring |
| | | When Quality Control (QC) Should Be Run on a Point of Care Instrument |
| | | Pretest Checklist for a Waived Test |
| | | Testing Checklist for a Waived Test |
| Laboratory Safety |
| | | Storage Limits on Flammable and Combustible Liquids |
| | | Handling Cryogenic Fluids and Solids (Liquid and Solid Gas) |
| | | Selecting Personal Protective Equipment for the Eyes and Face While Working in the Laboratory |
| | | Indications for Wearing Gloves While Working in the Laboratory |
| | | Prevention of Superheating While Boiling a Liquid |
| Patient Evaluation Prior to Specimen Collection |
| | | Identification of the Patient at Risk for Hematoma Formation Associated With Arterial Blood Sampling |
| | | Evaluation of Collateral Circulation in the Hand Prior to Arterial Blood Sampling from the Radial Artery (Modified Allen Test and/or Ultrasonography) |
| Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Regulations |
| | | FDA Criteria for CLIA Test Categorization |
| Volume in Laboratory Glassware |
| | | Volume in a Round Bottom Flask |
| | | Volume in an Erlenmeyer Flask |
| Isoenzymes |
| | | Using Heat Inactivation to Identify Isoenzymes Causing an Elevation in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity |
| Determining the Normal Reference Range for a Test |
| | | Selection Criteria for Subjects Used to Determine a Normal Reference Range |
| Handling Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals |
| | | Handling Containers of Ethyl or Isopropyl Ether |
| | | Handling Picric Acid |
| | | Hazards of Azide Salts |
| | | Hazards of Oxidizing Agents |
| | | Hazards in Handling Perchloric Acid and Perchlorates |
| | | Environmental Monitoring for Formaldehyde |
| Handling Specimen Mix-Up and Misidentification Problems |
| | | Phenotypic Markers in the Identification of a Patient Specimen |
| Cleanup of a Chemical Spill |
| | | Cleanup of an Elemental Mercury Spill |
| | | Cleanup of a Strong Acid Spill |
| Selection of Laboratory Instrumentation |
| | | Golf Score Card Tool of Baker et al for Evaluation of an Analytical Instrument |
| Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence |
| | | Troubleshooting High Background Staining on Immunohistochemistry |
| | | Troubleshooting Negative or Weak Immunohistochemical Staining |
| Laboratory Equipment |
| | | Troubleshooting a Refrigerator That is Outside Its Temperature Range |
| Fixatives and Preservatives |
| | | Fixatives for a Sample To Be Submitted for Cytology |
| Filtration |
| | | Volume of Quadrant Folded Filter Paper in a Funnel |
| | | Algorithm for Selection of Qualitative Filter Paper |
| | | Algorithm for Selection of Quantitative Filter Paper |
| Chemical Extraction and Separation |
| | | Distribution Coefficient and Extraction of a Solute Between 2 Solvents |
| Temperature and Thermometers |
| | | Thermometer Stem Correction to the Measured Temperature |
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