 |
 | Low Environmental Temperatures |
| |  | Cold Stress |
| | | Wind Chill Equation |
| | | Hypothermia Outcome Score |
| | | Medical Problems Adversely Affected by Exposure to the Cold |
| | | Risk Factors for Hypothermia |
| | | Immersion or Trench Foot |
| | | Prognostic Factors of Knize et al for a Patient with Frostbite |
| | | Degrees of Frostbite Injury |
| | | Classification of Cauchy et al for Frostbite Lesions |
| | | Stages of Hypothermia from the Swiss Society of Mountain Medicine |
| | | Laboratory Tests as Prognostic Markers for Patients with Severe Hypothermia |
| | | Classification of Frostbite Injury Based on Depth of the Injury |
| | | Risk Factors for Frostbite Injury |
| | | Recommendations for Winter Travel by Car |
| | | Indications for Active Rewarming of the Hypothermic Patient |
| | | OSHA Recommendations to Protect Workers in a Cold Environment |
| | | Personal Protective Clothing in a Cold Environment |
| | | Hazards Posed By High Heating Costs for a Person with a Low or Fixed Income |
| | | Risk Factors of Harirchi et al for Frostbite in a Mountaineer |
| | | Chilblains (Pernio) |
| | | After Drop During Resucitation of a Hypothermic Patient |
| | | Algorithm of Bruen et al for the Treatment of Frostbite Injury with Thrombolytic Therapy |
| | | Algorithm of Greenwald et al for Management of Frostbite Involving the Hands or Feet |
| High Environmental Temperatures |
| |  | Heat Stress and the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) |
| | | Humiture Table |
| | | Medical Problems Associated with Heat Intolerance |
| | | Criteria for Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion |
| | | Predicting Prognosis in a Patient with Heat Stroke Using Serial Monitoring of Serum LDH Levels |
| | | Risk Factors for Heat-Related Death in Urban Settings |
| | | Recommendations for Avoiding Heat Exhaustion in the Tropics |
| | | Physiological Strain Index (PSI) of Moran et al for Heat Stress |
| | | Using Both the Physiological Strain Index (PSI) and Environmental Stress Index (ESI) of Moran et al to Guide Environmental Exposures |
| | | Physiological Strain Index Based on Heart Rate Alone (PSI-HR) of Moran et al |
| | | Using Both the Physiological Strain Index Based on Heart Rate (PSI-HR) and Environmental Stress Index (ESI) of Moran et al to Guide Environmental Exposures |
| | | The Environmental Stress Index (ESI) of Moran et al |
| | | Discomfort Index (DI) of Thom and Its Variations |
| | | OSHA Recommendations to Protect Workers in a Hot Environment |
| | | Risk Factors of Bouchama et al Affecting Survival During a Heat Wave |
| Noise |
| | | Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for Noise |
| Effects of High Altitude |
| | | Altitude Sickness |
| | | Estimates of Atmospheric Pressure at High Altitudes |
| | | Lake Louise Diagnostic Criteria for Altitude Illness |
| | | Lake Louise Self Assessment for Acute Mountain Sickness |
| | | Lake Louise Clinical Assessment for Acute Mountion Sickness |
| | | Children's Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score (CLLS) for Preverbal Children |
| | | Classification of Altitude Decompression Sickness |
| | | Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) Score of Leon-Velarde |
| | | Neurological Features of the Burning Feet and Burning Hand Syndrome in Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) |
| | | Classification of Arias-Stella for Chronic Mountain Sickness Based on the Studies of Monge |
| | | Features of Subacute Infantile Mountain Sickness |
| | | Clinical Features of Altitude Polycythemia |
| | | Clinical Effects of High Altitude Travel in a Patient with Eisenmenger Syndrome |
| | | Risk Factors for Sunlight Exposure at a High Altitude |
| | | Classification of the Pressure Zones Surrounding the Earth |
| | | Clinical Features of High Altitude Pharyngitis and Bronchitis |
| | | Clinical Features of High Altitude Peripheral Edema |
| | | Predisposing Factors for a Thromboembolic Event During an Ascent to High Altitude |
| | | Contraindications of Houston for a Patient Traveling to a High Altitude Destination |
| | | Grades of Wiedman and Tabin for High-Altitude Retinopathy (HAR) |
| | | Risk Factors for High Altitude Retinopathy (HAR) |
| | | Increased Susceptibility to Severe Acute Mountain Sickness Following Neck Injury |
| | | Clinical Features of the "Bends" (Type I Joint-Related Decompression Sickness) |
| | | Clinical Features of the "Skin Bends" and "Creeps" (Type I Skin Decompression Sickness) |
| | | Clinical Features of the "Chokes" (Type II Pulmonary Decompression Sickness) |
| | | Cranial Nerve Involvement in Type II Decompression Sickness, Including the "Staggers" |
| | | Clinical Features of Neurologic Type II Decompression Sickness |
| | | Clinical Features of Cardiovascular Type II Decompression Sickness |
| | | When to Suspect a Patent Foramen Ovale in a Patient with High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) |
| Underwater Diving and Compressed Air Environments |
| | | Underwater Pressure and Gas Volume |
| | | Disqualifying Conditions for Diving |
| | | Criteria for Physical Examination of Visitors to a Compressed Air Environment |
| | | Grades of Middle Ear Barotrauma |
| | | Contraindications for Diving Associated with Ophthalmologic Conditions |
| | | Symptoms of Nitrogen Narcosis |
| | | Equivalent Air Depth (EAD) |
| | | Predicting Risk of CNS Oxygen Toxicity Based on Oxygen Concentration and Diving Depth |
| | | The Interval After Diving Before Reaching Altitude and the Prevention of Decompression Sickness |
| | | Barodontalgia |
| | | Risk Factors for Decompression Sickness (DCS) in Air Divers |
| | | Barotrauma in the Ear and Sinus During Ascent ("Reverse Squeeze" and Alternobaric Vertigo) |
| | | Contraindications to Diving in a Patient with Liver Disease |
| | | Decompression Illness (DCI) Score of Torti et al in a Scuba Diver |
| Fires and Sources of Thermal Injury |
| | | Risk of Fatality in Residential Fires |
| | | National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704M |
| | | Classification of Fire Hazard for Liquids |
| | | Classes of Fire and Extinguishers |
| | | Risk Score of Scholer et al for Mortality from Fire in Young Children |
| | | Prevention of Burns from Oven Doors |
| | | Dispensing Gasoline Safely |
| | | Risk Factors for Car Radiator Burns |
| | | Features of a Firestorm |
| | | Exposure to Chemicals and Gases Formed During Thermal Degradation of Synthetic Materials |
| | | Risk Factors for Increased Morbidity and Mortality Following Exposure to Smoke During a Fire |
| | | What to Do if You Smell Gas |
| | | Risk Factors for a Thermal Burn Secondary to Ignition of a Volatile Topical Medication |
| | | Risk of Thermal Burn from Hot Pavement During the Summer |
| | | Risk of Fire Associated with Candles |
| | | Risk Factors for Being Burned While Cooking |
| | | Risk Factors for Accidental Foot Burns in a Child During the Summer |
| | | Risk Factors for Thermal Injury When Deep Frying a Turkey |
| | | Hazards Associated with Wildfires |
| | | What To Do If Caught Outdoors and on Foot in a Forest Fire or Wildfire |
| | | What To Do If Caught in a Vehicle in a Forest Fire or Wildfire |
| | | Protecting a Home At Risk From a Wildfire |
| Evaluation and Management of Thermal Burns |
| | | Extent of Thermal Burns (Rule of Nines, Chart of Lund and Browder) |
| | | Fluid Replacement after Thermal Burns |
| | | Nutritional Support after Thermal Burns |
| | | Z Score of Zawacki et al and Prognosis of Patients with Thermal Burns |
| | | Risk Factors of Ryan et al for Predicting Mortality from Thermal Burns |
| | | Predicting Mortality in Adult Burned Patients Using the Method of Coste et al |
| | | Mortality Prediction of Smith et al Using Inhalation Injury, Burn Size and Age |
| | | Cape Town Grading Scheme for Inhalation Injury in Burn Patients |
| | | Cape Town Modified Baux Burn Score and Regression Equation |
| | | The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index and Regression Equation of Tobiasen et al |
| | | Burn Scar Assessment of Vancouver General Hospital |
| | | The DEMI Score of Demirdjian and Yunis |
| | | The Abbreviated DEMI Score |
| | | Equations of Clark et al for Predicting Burn Mortality With Inhalation Injury |
| | | Discriminant Functions of Clark et al for Predicting Survival in Burn Patients |
| | | Burn Severity Indices of Roi et al |
| | | Burn Severity Risk Index of Tobiasen et al |
| | | Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analyses of Germann et al for Risk Factors in Burn Patients |
| | | Equations of Spies et al for Predicting Mortality in Children with Catastrophic Burns |
| | | Grading Scheme of Garcia-Velasco et al for the Color, Consistency and Thickness of a Hypertrophic Burn Scar |
| | | Steam Inhalation |
| | | Risk Factors for a Burn Mass Disaster |
| | | Classification of the American Burn Association for Extent of Burn Injury from 1976 |
| | | Instructions for Dressing Minor Burns |
| | | Indications for Performing Escarotomy in a Serious Burn |
| | | Total Burn Surface (TBS) Index of Bhatia and Mukherjee for Predicting Survival in a Burn Patient |
| | | Comorbid Factors of Thombs et al Impacting Outcome Following Thermal Burn |
| Motion and Space Sickness |
| | | Criteria of Graybiel et al for Grading the Severity of Acute Motion Sickness |
| | | The Coriolis Sickness Susceptibility Index |
| | | The Sudden Stop Vestibulovisual Test |
| | | Prediction of Space Motion Sickness |
| | | Motion Sickness Rating Scale |
| | | Symptom Checklist of Reason and Diaz for Motion Sickness |
| | | Grading Scale of Hemingway for Motion Sickness during the Swing Test |
| | | Advice of Gahlinger for Avoiding Symptoms of Motion Sickness |
| | | Risk Factors of Gahlinger Associated with Motion Sickness |
| | | US Coast Guard Motion Discomfort Scale (Seasickness Scale) |
| | | Preflight Indicators of Lindseth and Lindseth for Airsickness in Student Pilots |
| Air Travel |
| | | Health Restrictions on Air Travel |
| | | Indications for Medical Use of Oxygen during Air Travel |
| | | Precautions for Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis During Air Travel |
| | | ACOG Recommendations for Air Travel During Pregnancy |
| | | Guidelines for Air Travel by a Patient with an Implanted Cardiac Device (Pacemaker or ICD) |
| | | Guidelines for Air Travel by a Patient with Heart Disease |
| | | Guidelines for Air Travel by a Person with Advanced Lung Disease |
| | | Use of Portable Electrical Devices on an Airplane |
| | | Jet Lag (Circadian Dyschronism) |
| | | Flight Microangiopathy (FMA) Associated with Long-Haul Flights |
| | | Recommendations for Air Travel Following Acute Otitis Media |
| | | Recommendations of Armitage et al for Air Transport of a Patient with a High Spinal Cord Injury |
| | | Hypoxia Inhalation Test (HIT) of Robson et al for Evaluating a Patient with Chronic Lung Disease Prior to Air Travel |
| | | Risk Factors for Barosinusitis During Air Travel |
| | | Recommendations for Air Travel After a Pneumothorax |
| | | Criteria for Seating a Passenger in the Emergency Exit Row |
| | | Recommendations for Air Travel with Intraocular Gas |
| | | Goods Dangerous to Transport by Air |
| | | Legal Risks Involved in Subduing a Belligerent Passenger on an Airplane |
| Submersion and Near-Drowning |
| | | Outcome Prediction in Pediatric Submersion Victims |
| | | Prediction of Outcome in Pediatric Submersion Injuries Using the PRISM Score |
| | | Prognostic Score of Orlowski in Pediatric Submersion Victims |
| | | Equations of Hayward et al for Predicting Survival Time in Cold Water |
| | | Prehospital Predictors of Quan and Kinder for Outcome Following Pediatric Submersion |
| | | Prevention of Drowning in Patients with Epilepsy |
| | | Clinical Findings in Submersion Victims at Risk for Developing Pulmonary Edema |
| | | Risk Factors for Traumatic Injury in Submersion Victims |
| | | Snow Drowning |
| | | Shallow Water Blackout Following Hyperventilation |
| High Wind Speed Conditions |
| | | Beaufort Scale for Wind Speed |
| | | The Fujita-Pearson Tornado Scale (F Scale) |
| | | Expanded Fujita Tornado Scale (Expanded F Scale) |
| | | Formation of Hail Associated with Updraft in a Thunderstorm |
| | | Recommendations If Caught in a Hailstorm |
| Electricity and Lightning |
| | | Heating Effect of Electrical Exposure |
| | | Lightning Safety Recommendations |
| | | Reducing the Risk of Electrocution When Working On or About High Power Electrical Lines |
| | | Potential Complications After Being Stuck By Lightning |
| | | Types of Skin Burns in High Voltage Electrical Exposure |
| | | Factors Affecting Contact Resistance and Ground Quality in Electrical Exposures |
| | | Reducing the Risk of an Electric Shock When Using an Electrical Equipment or an Extension Cord |
| | | Electrocution from Contact with the Third Rail for an Electric Train |
| | | Lightning Safety Measures of Cherington for Mountain Hikers and Bikers |
| | | Estimating the Distance from a Bolt of Lightning Based on the Interval Between the Flash and Sound of Thunder |
| | | Lightning Strike in a Person Aloft |
| Earthquakes |
| | | Richter Scale for Earthquake Magnitude |
| | | Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of Earthquake Effect |
| | | Acute Hazards During an Earthquake |
| | | Hazards Associated with Entrapment Following an Earthquake |
| | | Estimating the Distance to an Earthquake from the Interval Between Seismic Waves |
| Social Status and Living Conditions |
| | | Living Conditions Rating Scale (LCRS) |
| | | Criteria for the Diogenes Syndrome |
| | | Deprivation Score of Carstairs and Morris |
| | | The Two Factor Index for Social Position of Hollingshead |
| | | Social Class Scale for Population Studies in Ireland |
| | | The Four Factor Index of Social Status of Hollingshead |
| Boating and Sailing |
| | | Mal De Debarquement Syndrome |
| | | Checklist for Safe Boating |
| | | Risk of Piracy While Sailing in International Waters |
| | | Sea State Chart |
| | | River Rating Scale |
| | | Indications for the Use of a Personal Flotation Device (PFD) |
| | | Risk Factors Associated with Injuries During Whitewater Rafting |
| | | Problems That May Be Encountered While Taking an Ocean Cruise While Pregnant |
| | | Risk Factors of Kapur and Frei for Vaginal or Colorectal Injuries in Personal Watercraft Users |
| Injury from Land and Aquatic Animals |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury from Wild Animals in the African Bush |
| | | Risk Factors for Black or Grizzly Bear Attack in North America |
| | | Durban Prognostic Classification Following Shark Attack |
| | | Risk Factors Associated With Shark Attack |
| | | Training a Child in How to Avoid a Serious Dog Attack |
| | | Guidelines for Parents in the Selection and Training of a Dog in a Home with Young Children |
| | | Collisions Between Large Animals and Automobiles |
| | | Risk Factors for Cougar Attack in North America |
| | | Criteria for Selecting a Trail Guide for a Safari or Wilderness Expedition |
| | | Risk Factors for Being Attacked by an Elephant |
| | | Injuries Associated with an Ostrich Attack |
| | | Risk Factors for Attack by Piranhas |
| | | Indications of Keogh and Callaham for Admitting a Patient to the Hospital After an Animal Attack |
| | | Risk Factors for Being Bitten by a Pet Ferret |
| | | Animals and Other Living Things Not Recommended in a School or Other Public Setting |
| | | Risk Factors for Being Attacked By an Alligator or Crocodile |
| | | Injuries and Complications Associated with an Alligator or Crocodile Attack |
| | | Categories of Shark Attacks |
| | | Injuries That Can Be Caused By a Deer |
| | | Injuries That Can Be Caused By a Camel |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury During a Bullfight |
| | | Injuries Associated with Bullfighting |
| | | Injuries to Boaters Caused by the Silver Carp |
| | | Injuries Associated with Monkey and Primate Bites |
| | | Distinguishing a Crocodile from an Alligator |
| | | Injuries Associated with Domestic or Wild Pigs (Swine) |
| Motor Vehicles |
| | | Risk of Accidents When Driving Drunk |
| | | Reducing the Risks Related to Vehicular Rollover |
| | | The Static Stability Factor (SSF) and the Rollover Resistance Rating Scale |
| | | Automobile Safety Seat Selection for Children |
| | | Risk Factors Associated with a Motor Vehicle Accident |
| | | G-Force Experienced by an Occupant in a Vehicular Crash |
| | | AMA Safety Questionnaire for Older Drivers |
| | | Risk Factors Influencing the Severity of Injuries After a Vehicular Accident |
| | | Probability of Pedestrian Death Based on Impact Speed of a Car |
| | | Factors Affecting the Decision to Disconnect an Airbag |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury on an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) |
| | | Requirements for Transport of a Neonate After Discharge from the Hospital |
| | | Identification of a Person's Location in the Front Seat Based on the Pattern of Injury |
| | | Recommendations for Transport of a Child with Special Needs |
| | | Estimating the Kinetic Energy of a Vehicle in a Crash |
| | | Human Factors Identified by Petridou and Moustaki Increasing the Risk of Traffic Accidents |
| | | Risk of a Motor Vehicle Accident with Injury Associated with the Use of a Mobile Phone |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury of a Emergency Medical Services Worker in a Motor Vehicle Accident |
| | | Model of Weaver et al for Predicting Head Injury in a Motorsport Crash Based on the G Force Generated |
| | | Risk Factors of Adams-Guppy and Guppy for Truck Driver Fatigue |
| | | Risk Factors for Serious Injury After a Side Impact (Lateral Impact, T-Boning) |
| | | Risk Factors of Bedard et al for Death of a Driver in a Vehicle Accident |
| | | Risk Factors Identifying Someone Who Is Likely to Drive When Impaired |
| | | Risk Factors of Nadler et al for Pediatric Driveway Injuries |
| | | Risk Factors for a Pedestrian Being Injured During Winter Weather |
| | | Risk Factors of Fabbri et al for a Person Being Involved in a Recurrent Motor Vehicle Crash |
| | | Recommendations for a Pregnant Woman Traveling by Car |
| Volcanoes |
| | | Magnitude and Intensity of a Volcanic Eruption |
| | | Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) |
| | | Hazards Associated with Tephra Fall Following a Volcanic Eruption |
| | | Roof Collapse Associated with Falling Ash and Pumice Following a Volcanic Eruption |
| Sick Building Syndrome and Building-Related Illnesses |
| | | Office Environment Survey of Menzies et al |
| | | Building Symptom Index of Burge et al |
| | | Estimating the Quantity of Outdoor Air in a Building |
| | | Risk Factors for Biological Air Pollutants in a Building |
| | | Tight Building Syndrome |
| Explosions and Blasts |
| | | Risk Factors for Fireworks-Related Injury |
| | | Wind Speed Associated with the Overpressure of a Blast Wave |
| | | Risks Associated with BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) |
| | | Pressure Associated with an Underwater Explosion with TNT |
| | | Injuries Associated with an Industrial or Agricultural Explosion |
| | | Explosion of a Storage Silo |
| | | Minimizing Risk in a Potentially Explosive Work Environment |
| | | Injuries Associated with Explosion of an Aerosol Can |
| Drought |
| | | Classification of Drought Severity |
| | | Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) |
| Air Quality and Air Pollution |
| | | The EPA Air Quality Index (AQI) |
| | | Categories of Particulate Matter in Smoke from Wildfires |
| | | Classification of Fajstavr et al for Air Quality |
| Safety Around Airplanes, Helicopters, Hot Air Balloons and Dirigibles |
| | | Safe Behaviors Around a Helicopter on the Ground |
| | | Risk Factors of Rostykus et al for Pilot Fatalities in the Crash Landing of a General Aviation Airplane |
| | | Estimating the Force of Impact During an Aircraft Crash Based on the Pattern of Injuries |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury When Parachuting |
| Swimming Pools, Saunas, Spas and Hot Tubs |
| | | Hot Tub Lung |
| | | Safety Precautions For Diving into a Swimming Pool |
| | | General Precautions to Take in the Use of Spas and Hot Tubs |
| Environmental Risks Associated with Farming |
| | | Steps to Prevent Death of Farm Workers in Manure Pits |
| | | Steps to Prevent Suffocation of Farm Workers Entering Storage Silos |
| | | Steps to Prevent Rollover Injury While Driving a Tractor |
| | | Steps to Prevent Injury Associated with Use of a Grain Auger |
| | | Risks for Injury Associated with Tree Harvesting |
| | | Categories of Ozyurekoglu et al for Hay Baler Injury to the Upper Extremity |
| | | Classification of Gorsche and Wood for Hand Injuries Caused by a Mechanical Corn Picker |
| Flooding |
| | | Hazards of Driving Across a Flooded Roadway |
| | | Ensuring Potable Water During a Flood or Natural Disaster |
| Avalanche |
| | | Model of Burtscher for Predicting Survival If Caught in an Avalanche |
| | | Criteria of Brugger et al for Declaring an Avalanche Victim Dead |
| | | Model of Falk et al for Predicting Survival If Caught in an Avalanche |
| | | The Avalanche Terrain Risk Scale (ATRS) |
| | | The US Snow Stability (Instability, Hazard) Rating Scale |
| | | Terrain Features Associated with Avalanche |
| | | Terrain Features Making an Avalanche Dangerous |
| | | Runout Distance for an Avalanche |
| | | International Commission on Snow and Ice (ICSI) Classification System for the Water Content of Snow |
| Hurricanes, Tropical Storms and Tsunamis |
| | | The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale |
| | | Factors Determining the Severity of Damage Associated with a Hurricane or Other Tropical Storm |
| | | Hazards Associated with Tsunamis (Tidal Waves) |
| Escalators, Elevators and Moving Walkways |
| | | Recommendations for Escalator Safety |
| Travel |
| | | Being a Responsible Traveler |
| Confined Space |
| | | NIOSH Classification of Hazards in a Confined Space |
| Winter Hazards |
| | | Risk Factors for Snowmobile-Related Injury |
| | | Risk Factors of Finnegan and Tongue for Injury While Sledding |
| | | Risk Factors for Injury While Snowboarding |
| | | Features of Ice Unable to Bear Weight (Weak Ice) |
| | | Minimum Thickness of Ice Required to Bear a Weight |
| | | Distance Between Loads Traversing Ice |
| | | Safety Checklist for a Person Traversing Ice |
| |