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 | Creatinine Clearance and Excretion |
| |  | Factors Affecting Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Calculation of Creatinine Clearance Using A Timed Urine Specimen |
| | | Creatinine Clearance Standardized for Body Surface Area (BSA) |
| | | Creatinine Clearance & Degree of Renal Impairment |
| | | Creatinine Clearance Standardized for Lean Body Mass (LBM) Assuming Stable Renal Function |
| | | Indications for Measuring Creatinine Clearance in a Patient with Chronic Renal Disease |
| | | Expected Daily Urine Creatinine Excretion in Children and the Creatinine Height Index of Viteri and Alvarado |
| Creatinine Clearance and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Estimated from Serum Creatinine |
| |  | Rapid Estimation from Serum Creatinine |
| | | Method of Edwards and Whyte (1959) for Estimating Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Method of Jelliffe (1971) for Estimating Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Method of Siersbach-Nielsen (1971) and Mawer (1972) for Estimating Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Method of Jelliffe (1973) for Estimating Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Method of Cockcroft and Gault (1976) for Estimating Creatinine Clearance |
| | | Estimation of Creatinine Clearance from Serum Creatinine in Children |
| | | Jelliffe's Method for Estimation of Creatinine Clearance with Unstable Serum Creatinine Levels |
| | | Estimating Creatinine Clearance in Patients with Acute Renal Insufficiency |
| | | The Abbreviated MDRD Study Equation for Estimating GFR from Serum Creatinine |
| | | MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study Equation of Levey et al for the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
| | | Equations of Salazar and Corcoran for Predicting Creatinine Clearance in Obese Patients |
| | | Equation of Rule et al for Estimating GFR from Serum Creatinine (Mayo eGFR) |
| Calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Using Measures Other Than Serum Creatinine |
| | | Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Using Serum Cystatin C |
| | | Equations of Grubb et al for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) from Serum Cystatin C |
| | | Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Beta-Trace Protein (BTP) Concentrations |
| | | Equations of White et al for Estimating GFR Using Beta-Trace Protein (BTP) |
| Urea Clearance |
| | | Calculating the Urea Clearance Using Serum and 24 Hour Urine Urea Concentrations |
| | | Equations of Levey et al from the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study for Calculating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) from Urea and Creatinine Clearances |
| Urinary Excretion of Sodium |
| | | Fractional Sodium Excretion |
| Renal Phosphate Handling |
| | | Tubular Reabsorption of Phosphate (TRP) |
| | | Phosphorus Clearance |
| | | Renal Threshold for Phosphate |
| Urine Specific Gravity |
| | | Correction of Urine Specific Gravity Measured By Refractometer For Temperature |
| | | Correction of Urine Specific Gravity Measured By Refractometer For Protein |
| | | Correction of Urine Specific Gravity Measured By Refractometer For Glucose |
| | | Estimation of Urine Solutes from the Urine Specific Gravity |
| Excretion of Calcium in the Urine |
| | | Urinary Calcium |
| | | Ratio of Renal Calcium Clearance to Creatinine Clearance |
| Proteinuria and Urine Protein Ratios |
| | | Urine Protein-to-Urine Creatinine Ratio |
| | | Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio |
| | | Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria |
| | | Exertional Proteinuria |
| Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Ratios |
| | | Serum BUN-to-Serum Creatinine Ratio |
| | | Urine Creatinine-to-Serum Creatinine Ratio |
| | | Urine Urea Nitrogen-to-Serum Urea Nitrogen Ratio |
| Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid |
| | | Uric Acid-to-Creatinine Ratio |
| | | Fractional Excretion of Uric Acid (FEUA) |
| | | Conditions Associated with Decreased Urinary Urate Excretion |
| Renal Potassium Handling |
| | | Urinary Potassium Excretion Rate |
| | | Fractional Excretion of Potassium |
| | | Transtubular Potassium Gradient |
| Diabetic Nephropathy |
| | | Microalbuminuria in Diabetes Measured on a 24 Hour Urine Specimen |
| | | Microalbuminuria Measured on a Spot Urine Specimen |
| | | Risk Factors for Progressive Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| | | Conditions Associated with Transient (False Positive) Microalbuminuria |
| Measurement of Urine Acid and Base |
| | | Fractional Bicarbonate Excretion |
| | | Titratable Acidity of the Urine |
| | | Urine to Blood pCO2 Gradient (U-B pCO2) |
| Acute and Chronic Renal Failure |
| | | Laboratory Testing to Distinguish Prerenal Azotemia from Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) |
| | | Prognostic Index for Predicting the Probability of Surviving Postoperative Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Risk Factors for Acute Renal Failure Following Thoracic or Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery |
| | | Discriminant Analysis of Rasmussen et al for Predicting Outcome in Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Mortality Model of Groeneveld et al for Acute Renal Failure in the Medical Intensive Care Unit |
| | | Prognosis for a Patient with Renal Failure Occurring as a Complication of Multiple Myeloma |
| | | Acute Tubular Necrosis Individual Severity Index (ATN-ISI) for Predicting Mortality in a Patient with Acute Tubular Necrosis |
| | | The Q Statistic of Bullock et al for Predicting Mortality in Patients with Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Outcome Prediction in a Hospitalized Patient with Acute Renal Failure Using the Equations of Corwin et al |
| | | Endstage Renal Disease Severity Index (ESRD-SI) |
| | | Austin and Repatriation Medical Center Indications for Initiating Dialysis of a Patient in the Intensive Care Unit |
| | | Score of Thakar et al for Predicting Acute Renal Failure After Cardiac Surgery |
| | | Risk Score of Forman et al for Worsening Renal Function (WRF) in a Patient Hospitalized with Heart Failure (HF) |
| | | Risk Factors of Ojo et al for Chronic Renal Failure in a Patient with a Nonrenal Organ Transplant |
| | | Criteria of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) for the Diagnosis and Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease |
| | | Risk Factors from the BEST Kidney Investigators for Mortality in a Critically Ill Patient with Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Causes for an Acute Decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in a Patient with Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) |
| | | Risk Factors of Bagshaw et al for 1 Year Mortality for a Patient in the Intensive Care Unit with Acute Renal Failure |
| | | RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage) Classification for Kidney Injury |
| | | Nomogram of Sorbellini et al for Predicting Renal Insufficiency After Partial or Total Nephrectomy |
| | | Discriminant Score of Liano et al for Predicting the Prognosis for a Patient with Acute Tubular Necrosis |
| | | Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Renal Failure (SHARF) Scores of Lins et al |
| | | Risk Score of Fortescue et al for Predicting Acute Renal Failure After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using the VA CICSP |
| | | Classification Tree of Fortescue et al for Predicting Acute Renal Failure After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using the VA CICSP |
| | | Model of Mehta et al for Mortality in a Patient in the Intensive Care Unit with Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Risk Factors of El-Shahawy et al for Mortality in Adults with Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) |
| | | Risk Factors of de Mendonca et al for a Patient in the Intensive Care Unit Developing Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Screening For Occult Renal Disease (SCORED) Score of Bang et al for Identifying a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| | | Model of Chertow et al for Predicting Acute Renal Failure Following Cardiac Surgery Based on Preoperative Risk Factors |
| | | Risk Factors for Acute Renal Failure in a Patient with Tetanus |
| | | Risk Factors of Franceschini et al for Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in an Ambulatory Patient Infected with HIV |
| Dialysis in Renal Failure |
| | | Estimates of Kt/V |
| | | Hemodialyzer Instrinsic Clearance for Urea (K0A) and Estimation of in Vivo Urea Clearance (K) |
| | | Calculating the Blood Water Urea Clearance During Hemodialysis |
| | | Residual Renal Urea Clearance (Kru) |
| | | Total Urea Clearance (KT, or Corrected Kt/V) |
| | | Calculating Clearances with Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis |
| | | Calculating Hemodialysis Treatment Time |
| | | Calculating Urea Generation and Protein Catabolic Rate |
| | | Clinical and Laboratory Findings Suggestive of Inadequate Dialysis |
| | | Contraindications for Peritoneal Dialysis |
| Prognosis in Patients with Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis |
| | | Prognostic Index of Cantarovich et al for Patients with Acute Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis |
| | | Clinical Survival Index of Lohr et al for Patients with Acute Renal Failure Needing Dialysis |
| | | Discriminant Function of Foley et al for Prediction of Early Death in Patients Starting Maintenance Dialysis |
| | | Prognostic Score of Barrett et al for Prediction of Early Death in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Starting Dialysis |
| | | Prognostic Factors of Lange et al for a Patient Requiring Dialysis for Acute Renal Failure Following Open Heart Surgery |
| | | Prediction of Survival in a Patient in Acute Renal Failure Requiring Hemodialysis Using the Equation of Lien and Chan |
| | | Predictors of De Lima et al for Early versus Extended Survival in Patients Requiring Dialysis |
| | | Predictive Factors of Ifudu et al for Mortality in Patients Requiring Maintenance Hemodialysis |
| | | Risk Groups of Wright for Mortality in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Requiring Dialysis |
| | | Risk Model of Paganini et al for Mortality in an ICU Patient with Acute Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis |
| | | Models of Schaefer et al for Predicting Outcome of a Patient with Acute Renal Failure in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) |
| | | The MIA (Malnutrition, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis) Syndrome and Mortality in a Dialysis Patient |
| | | Use of the Ratio in APACHE II Scores to Predict Mortality in a Patient with Acute Renal Failure in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit |
| | | Comorbid Conditions of Hirsch et al Making Chronic Dialysis Futile |
| | | Risk Groups of Khan et al for Patients Undergoing Renal Replacement Therapy Based on Comorbid Factors |
| Urinary Incontinence |
| | | Leakage Index for Women with Urinary Stress Incontinence |
| | | Severity Index of Sandvik et al for Urinary Incontinence in Women |
| | | Cystometric Index of Eastwood and Warrell in Women with Detrusor Instability |
| | | One Hour Pad Weighing Test of the International Continence Society for Female Urinary Incontinence |
| | | Criteria of Cooper for Giggle Micturition |
| | | Risk Factors of Jackson et al for Urinary Incontinence in Postmenopausal Women |
| | | Vaginal Reflux in Young Girls |
| Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure |
| | | Risk of Developing Acute Renal Failure in Patients with Rhabdomyolysis |
| | | Acute Renal Failure in Alcohol and/or Drug Abuse Secondary to Rhabdomyolysis |
| Renal Artery Stenosis |
| | | A Clinical Rule for the Identifying Patients with Renal Artery Stenosis |
| | | An Equation for Predicting the Probability of Renal Artery Stenosis |
| | | Factors of Rosner for Identifying Patients at Risk for Renal Artery Stenosis and Renovascular Hypertension |
| | | Risk Factors of Bloch and Basile Suggesting a Poor Outcome for Vascular Interventions in a Patient with Renal Artery Stenosis |
| Vesicoureteral Reflux |
| | | International Study Classification for Vesicoureteral Reflux |
| | | Algorithm of Tsai et al for Using Ultrasonographic Screening to Detect Vesicoureteral Reflux in Neonates |
| | | Factors of Belman Influencing the Severity of Complications in Vesicoureteral Reflux |
| Renal Toxicity Associated with Drugs |
| | | Renal Findings on CT Imaging in Analgesic Nephropathy |
| | | Risk Factors for Renal Failure Associated with NSAID Use |
| | | Grading System of Skinner et al for Ifosfamide Nephrotoxicity |
| | | Risk Factors for Acute Renal Failure Associated with Drug Crystals |
| | | Clinical Features of Indinavir Nephropathy |
| | | Heroin Nephropathy |
| | | Risk Factors for Atazanavir Urolithiasis in an HIV-Positive Patient |
| | | Fanconi Syndrome Associated with Tenofovir Therapy in an HIV-Positive Patient |
| Interstitial Cystitis (IC) and Other Forms of Non-Infectious Cystitis |
| | | The NIDDK/NIADDK Definition of Interstitial Cystitis for Clinical Trials |
| | | Clinical Features of Eosinophilic Cystitis |
| Ultrasonographic Measurements of the Kidney and Urinary System |
| | | Urinary Bladder Volume By Ultrasonography |
| | | Relative Renal Length (Kidney Length to Body Height Ratio) |
| | | Renal and Central Echogenic Volumes Using an Ellipsoidal Formula |
| | | Renal Arterial Resistance Index |
| | | Estimating the Area of Renal Arterial Stenosis Using Doppler Color Flow Imaging |
| Antibiotic-Associated Nephrotoxicity |
| | | Discriminant Scores of Moore et al for Predicting Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity |
| Renal Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| | | Renal Pathology Scoring System for Lupus Nephritis |
| | | Prognostic Factors of Goulet et al for Patients with Lupus Nephritis |
| | | Prognostic Factors of Yang et al for a Child with Lupus Nephritis |
| | | Histologic Features of Active Glomerular Lesions in Lupus Nephritis |
| | | The WHO Morphologic Classification of Lupus Nephritis |
| | | Classification of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and Renal Pathology Society (RPS) for Lupus Nephritis |
| | | Prognostic Factors of Faurschou et al for a Patient with Lupus Nephritis |
| IgA Nephropathy |
| | | Renal Histologic Score of Donadio et al for IgA Nephropathy |
| | | Survival Prediction Model of Alamartine et al for Patients with Mesangial IgA Glomerulonephritis |
| | | Risk Factors of Bonnet et al Associated with Progression in Primary IgA Nephritis to Chronic Renal Failure |
| | | Risk Factors of D'Amico et al for Progression to Renal Failure in Idiopathic IgA Mesangial Nephropathy |
| Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) |
| | | Algorithm of Gregory and Schwartz for the Diagnosis of Renal Tubular Acidosis |
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction |
| | | Nomogram of Blaivas and Groutz for Determining Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women |
| Hyperphosphatemia and Dystrophic Calcification in Chronic Renal Failure |
| | | Targets of Block for Serum Phosphorus and the Calcium*Phosphorus Product in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure |
| Urinalysis |
| | | Workup of a Patient with Lipiduria |
| | | Evaluation of the Patient With a Positive Dipstick Test for Hemoglobin but Without Red Cells in the Urine Sediment |
| | | Indications for Urine Microscopic Examination During Urinalysis |
| | | Calculating the Number of Microscopic Formed Elements per mL of Urine |
| | | Eosinophiluria |
| | | Causes of False Positive Proteinuria |
| | | Causes of a False Negative Proteinuria |
| | | Abnormal Odor to Urine or Other Body Fluid |
| | | Hemosiderinuria |
| | | Melanogenuria (Urinary Excretion of Melanin) |
| | | Causes of Dark Brown or Black Urine |
| | | Types of Reducing Substances in the Urine |
| | | Clinitest (Cupper Sulfate) for Detection of Reducing Substances in the Urine |
| | | Mucusuria |
| | | Factors Affecting Urinary Nitrite Levels |
| Hematuria |
| | | Criteria of Okada et al for the Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of the Nutcracker Syndrome |
| | | Management of Massive Bladder Hemorrhage |
| | | Criteria for Hematuria Arising at the Glomerulus |
| | | Clinical Features of Acute Nephritis (Nephritic Syndrome) |
| Acute Renal Colic and Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones) |
| | | Deciding on Inpatient versus Outpatient Management of Acute Renal Colic |
| | | Urinary Citrate Ratios (Citrate-to-Creatinine, Citrate-to-Calcium) and the CMC Index (Citrate*Magnesium-to-Calcium) in Patients with Urolithiasis |
| | | Risk Factors of Harper et al for Renal Stone Formation in Renal Transplant Patients |
| | | Estimating the Ion-Activity Product for Calcium Oxalate in Urine Using the AP (CaOx) Index |
| | | The Bonn Risk Index (BRI) of Laube et al for Estimating the Risk of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization in Urine |
| | | Causes of Hyperoxaluria |
| | | Reducing the Risk of Oxalate Nephrolithiasis in a Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome |
| | | Age-Dependent Curves of Matos et al to Identify Increased Urinary Oxalate to Creatinine and Urate to Creatinine Ratios in Pediatric Patients |
| | | Clinical Features of Stones Associated with a Urinary Tract Infection (Infection Stones) |
| | | Clinical Features of Cystinuria with Cystine Nephrolithiasis |
| | | Urinary Tract Calculus Associated with a Surgical Staple |
| | | Clinical Features of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis |
| | | Therapy of a Patient with Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis |
| | | Clinical Features of Xanthine Nephrolithiasis |
| | | Indications for Intervention in a Patient with a Ureteral or Renal Calculus |
| | | Model of Miller and Kane for Predicting the Number of Days to Stone Passage in a Patient with Nephrolithiasis |
| | | Findings of Takahashi et al Seen on a Helical CT Scan That Predict Stone Passage |
| | | Risk Factors for Ammonium Urate Stones |
| | | Clinical and Laboratory Features of Struvite (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate) Stones |
| Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter |
| | | The Ultrasound Grading System of the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) |
| | | Stages of Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter on an Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) |
| Prune Belly Syndrome |
| | | Classification of Disease Severity in the Prune Belly Syndrome |
| Chyluria |
| | | Recommendations for Patients with Chyluria |
| Hepatorenal Syndrome |
| | | The Criteria of the International Ascites Club for the Hepatorenal Syndrome |
| | | Types of the Hepatorenal Syndrome |
| | | Risk Factors for the Hepatorenal Syndrome in a Patient with Cirrhosis and Ascites |
| Renal Transplantation and Transplant Rejection |
| | | Differentiation of Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity from Renal Allograft Rejection |
| | | Algorithm of Stroomsa et al for Transplanting a Horseshoe Kidney |
| | | Criteria for Marginal or Suboptimal Renal Allografts |
| | | Criteria for the Diagnosis of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (CAN) |
| | | 1991 Banff Histopathologic Criteria for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy |
| | | Nomogram of Irish et al for Predicting Delayed Graft Function After Adult Cadaveric Renal Transplantation |
| | | Scoring System of Chen et al for Acute Renal Allograft Rejection Treated by Radiation Therapy |
| | | Method of Kasiske et al for Predicting Late Renal Allograft Failure Using Estimated Creatinine Clearance and delta 1/Cr |
| | | Risk Factors of Perico et al for Delayed Renal Graft Function After Transplantation |
| | | The Cooperative Clinical Trial in Transplantation (CCTT) Criteria for Acute Renal Allograft Rejection |
| | | Histologic Score of Remuzzi et al for Evaluating a Donor Kidney Prior to Transplantation |
| | | Clinical Features of the Polyomavirus Type BK Nephropathy in a Renal Transplant Patient |
| | | Recipient Risk Score (RSS) of Baskin-Bey et al for the Allocation of Kidneys from Deceased Donors |
| | | Score of Nyberg et al for Evaluating the Adult Donor of a Cadaver Kidney Prior to Transplantation |
| Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome (TINU) |
| | | Diagnostic Criteria for the Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome |
| Renal Involvement in Non-Lupus Rheumatologic Disorders |
| | | Screening Criteria of Goules et al for Renal Involvement in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome |
| | | Risk Factors of Sano et al for Significant Renal Involvement in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura |
| | | Risk Factors of Wilkowski et al in a Patient with Idiopathic Glomerulonephritis and Renal Vasculitis |
| Abnormal Urine Composition |
| | | Pneumaturia |
| Nocturia in Adults |
| | | Nocturia Index |
| Renal Biopsy |
| | | Possible Complications Associated with Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of a Kidney |
| | | Risk Factors and Contraindications for Performing a Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Kidney |
| Nephrotic Syndrome |
| | | Clinical Features of the Nephrotic Syndrome in the Adult |
| | | HIV-Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN) |
| | | Features Which Are Atypical for a Pediatric Patient with Minimal Change Disease |
| | | Prognostic Features in Patients with Minimal Change Disease |
| Renal Cystic Disease |
| | | Risk Factors for Disease Progression in a Patient with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) |
| | | Diagnosis of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) Based on Patient Family History, Age and Number of Renal Cysts |
| | | Classification of Bosniak for Complicated (Complex) Cystic Lesions of the Kidney |
| Glomerulonephritis |
| | | Prognostic Factors Associated with a Poor Outcome for a Patient with Membranous Glomerulonephritis |
| | | Histologic Features of Walker et al for Dense Deposit Disease |
| Alport Syndrome |
| | | Criteria of Gregory et al for the Diagnosis of Alport Syndrome |
| Exstrophy of the Urinary Bladder |
| | | Criteria of Gearhart et al for Prenatal Diagnosis of Classic Bladder Exstrophy |
| Renal Papillary Necrosis |
| | | Risk Factors for Renal Papillary Necrosis |
| | | Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Renal Papillary Necrosis |
| Renal Impairment Associated with Heart Disease |
| | | Criteria for the Diagnosis of the Cardiorenal Syndrome amd the Score of Forman et al for Predicting Worsening Renal Function in a Patient Hospitalized with Heart Failure |
| Urinary Catheterization |
| | | Criteria of Stephan et al for Use of a Urinary Catheter in a Surgical Patient |
| | | Selecting a Urinary Catheter for a Male Patient |
| Malacoplakia |
| | | Risk Factors for Malacoplakia |
| | | Diagnostic Features of Malacoplakia Involving the Urinary Bladder |
| Disorders of Bladder Function |
| | | Dysfunctional "Lazy" Bladder Syndrome (Underactive Bladder) |
| | | Hinman Syndrome (Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder) |
| Structural Defects of the Urinary Bladder |
| | | Clinical Features of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder |
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